Nutrition Handout Essay Example

Nutrition Handout Essay The nutrient and energy standards known as the RDA are currently being revised. The new recommendations are called Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). The following chart provides the most updated goals for nutrient intake available for males and females between 31 50. For information about other ages, or special populations such as pregnancy or lactation, please go to www. nal. usda. gov.Nutrient FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin A Retinol, beta-carotene and various other carotenoids RDA or DRI RDA Males: 1000 ug RE Females: 800 UG RE Functions in the Body/Benefits Helps maintain good vision (necessary for night vision), resistance to infections, and supports growth and repair of body tissues. Also maintains integrity of white and red blood cells, assists in immune reactions, helps maintain the stability of cell membranes. Member of a large and cooperative bone-making and bone maintenance team. Regulates absorption of calcium and phosphorus for bone health.Fat-soluble antioxidant. Helps ma intain cell membranes, red blood cell integrity, protects vitamin A and fatty acids from oxidation. Helps make factors that promote blood clotting. Dietary Sources Milk, eggs, meat, fish liver oils. Beta-carotene and other carotenoids are found in: Green leafy vegetables kale, spinach, broccoli, collard greens, parsley, turnip greens, escarole. Yellow vegetables carrots, sweet potatoes, winter squash, pumpkin. Yellow and orange fruits mango, cantaloupe, papaya, and apricots. Formed in skin when exposed to sunlight.Also found in dairy products, egg yolk, fish liver oils, tuna, mackerel, herring, sardines, oysters, yeast. Found primarily in plant oils, green, leafy vegetables, wheat germ, whole grains, egg yolk, nuts, seeds, and liver. Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract. Diet generally supplies remaining need. Green, leafy vegetables, cabbage-type vegetables and milk. Vitamin D Cholecal-ciferol, ergocalciferol Vitamin E Tocopherol, Tocotrienols Vitamin K DRI Males: 5. 0 ug F emales: 5. 0 ug RDA Males: 10 mg ? -TE Females: 8 mg ? -TE RDA Males: 80 ug Females: 65 ug WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin B1 ThiamineDRI Males: 1. 2 mg Females: 1. 1 mg Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Vitamin B3 Niacin, nicotinic acid, niacinamide Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, other forms Vitamin B12 Cobalamin Biotin DRI Males: 1. 3 mg Females: 1. 1 mg DRI Males: 16 mg NE Females: 14 mg NE DRI Males: 5. 0 mg Females: 5. 0 mg DRI Males: 1. 3 mg Females: 1. 3 mg DRI Males: 2. 4 ug Females: 2. 4 ug DRI Males: 30 ug Females: 30 ug Helps metabolize carbohydrates, maintain appetite and normal digestion. Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism. Supports normal appetite and nervous system function.Part of coenzymes used in energy metabolism, supports normal vision and skin health. Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, supports health of skin, nervous system and digestive system. High (pharmacological) doses may help manage cholesterol. Part of Coenzyme A, which is used in energy metabolism Part of a coenzyme that helps the body synthesize nonessential amino acids. Significant role in protein metabolism. Part of coenzymes used in new cell synthesis; helps to maintain nerve cells. Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism and glycogen synthesis.Found in many foods: whole grain cereals, legumes, beans, nuts, brewers yeast, wheat germ, pork, ham, and liver. Milk, yogurt, other dairy, meat, leafy greens, whole grains. Tuna, dairy, meat, whole grains, nuts and all protein containing foods. Widespread in foods. Green leafy vegetables, meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, legumes, fruits, whole grains. Animal products (meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs, cheese, milk). Widespread in foods.  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive ; Well: Millennium Nutrition,† Vitamins, Minerals and their Functions Table, Cont.Nutrient Folic acid Folate, folacin Vitamin C (ascorbic acid ) RDA or DRI DRI Males: 400 ug Females: 400 ug RDA Males: 60 mg Females: 60 mg Functions in the Body/Benefits Part of coenzymes used in new cell synthesis. Essential for blood cell formation, protein metabolism, and prevention of neural tube defects. Essential element in collagen formation (strengthens blood vessels, forms scar tissue, is a matrix for bone growth); an antioxidant; strengthens resistance to infections; and improves absorption of iron. Bone health, prevention of osteoporosis.The principal mineral of bones and teeth, also involved in normal muscle contraction (including heart muscle). An electrolyte that maintains normal fluid balance and proper acid-base balance, part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach. Associated with insulin and required for the release of energy from glucose. Supports healthy bones, muscles, and blood vessels. Assists in iron absorption. Functions in the Body/Benefits Involved in the formation of bones and teeth. Essential component of thyro id hormones that regulate tissue growth and cell activity.Part of the protein hemoglobin which carries O2 in the body. Part of the protein myoglobin in muscle which makes O2 available for muscle contraction. Necessary for the utilization of energy as part of the cells’ metabolic machinery. Involved in bone mineralization, the building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscular contraction, and transmission of nerve impulses Involved in the formation of bone, as well as in enzymes involved in amino acid, cholesterol, and carbohydrate metabolism. Important in a variety of enzyme systems.A principal mineral of the bones and teeth; part of every cell; maintains acid-base balance. Dietary Sources Green leafy vegetables, liver, fortified grain products, legumes and seeds. Abundant in most fresh fruits (esp. citrus) and vegetables. SELECTED MINERALS Boron Calcium NO RDA or DRI DRI Males: 1000 mg Females: 1000 mg No RDA or DRI Non-citrus fruits, leafy vegetables. Milk and milk produc ts, small fish with bones, tofu, broccoli, chard and legumes. Salt, soy sauce, moderate quantities in whole, unprocessed foods and large amounts in processed foods.Brewers yeast, unrefined whole grain cereals, fats, vegetable oils. Liver, legumes, nuts, seeds, raisins, whole grains, shellfish, shrimp. Dietary Sources Drinking water (if fluoridated) tea, seafood. Iodized salt, seafood, plants. Red meats, liver, poultry, fish, shellfish, beans, peas, dried fruit, eggs. Certain foods contain phytates, which may inhibit iron absorption. Chloride Chromium Copper Nutrient Fluoride Iodine Iron No RDA or DRI No RDA or DRI RDA or DRI DRI Males: 3. 8 mg Females: 3. 1 mg RDA Males: 150 ug Females: 150 ug RDA Males: 10 mg Females: 15 mgMagnesium DRI Males: 420 mg Females: 320 mg No RDA or DRI Nuts, legumes, whole grains, beans, green leafy vegetables, seafood, chocolate. Nuts, whole grain cereals, beans, rice, dried fruits, green leafy vegetables. Legumes, grains, organ meats. Abundant in all a nimal foods. Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus No RDA or DRI DRI Males: 700 mg Females: 700 mg  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,† ERGOGENIC AIDS (from American Family Physician, March 2001)TABLE 3 Ergogenic Aids: A Summary of An Assessment of the Current Literature Research on ergogenic effects No benefits Mixed, some positive Ergogenic aid Alcohol Amphetamines Action Decreases anxiety Improve concentration, decrease fatigue and appetite Side effects Significant Significant, dangerous Legality Banned for shooting events Illegal Anabolic steroids Increase strength, Positive lean muscle mass and motivation Same as steroids Same as steroids Decrease muscle breakdown Limited, refutes Significant, dangerous Unknown Illegal Androstenediol Androstenedione AntioxidantsBanned by IOC Banned by IOC, NCAA Legal Legal Legal Refutes, no benefits Significant Mixed, no clear benefits No benefit Mixed, some positive benefits No bene fit Mild at high doses None at doses used Mild at high doses Mild Arginine, ornithine, Stimulate growth lysine hormone release Aspartates Increase free fatty acid use, sparing muscle glycogen Decreases pain with muscle fatigue and muscle breakdown Increases steroid production Increases strength and endurance Decrease anxiety Aspirin Legal Avena sativa Bee pollen Beta blockers Limited, refutes None LegalRefutes, no benefits Allergic reaction Legal Positive effect on Significant fine motor control, negative effect on aerobic capacity Mixed, no benefit from inhaled formulations Supports Mild Banned by IOC Beta2 agonists Increase lean muscle mass Increases aerobic capacity Banned by IOC, legal when prescribed Illegal Blood doping Significant, dangerous  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,† Boron Branched chain amino acids Caffeine Increases endogenous Refutes, no benefit Mild at high steroid production doses Decrease men tal fatigue Increases muscle contractility and aerobic ndurance, enhances fat metabolism Increases muscle contractility, enhances glycogen metabolism Increase endurance, decrease fatigue Increases fat metabolism Increases endurance Increases lean mass Mixed, negative Supports Mild at high doses Mild Legal Legal Legal to urine level of 12 to 15  µg per mL Calcium Refutes, no benefit Mild at high doses Legal Carbohydrates Carnitine Choline Chromium Supports Refutes Mixed, inconclusive Mild at high doses None None Legal Legal Legal Refutes, no benefit Safe to 400  µg Legal unless prior daily, potentially deficiency dangerous above this level None LegalChrysin Inhibits aromatase, Limited, refutes increases endogenous steroids Stimulates CNS, delays fatigue Mixed Cocaine Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) Coenzyme Q12 Significant, dangerous Illegal Legal Legal Delays fatigue, acts as Refutes, no benefit None antioxidant Increases aerobic capacity, speeds muscle repair Increases muscle energy, endurance, strength and lean muscle mass Refutes, no benefit None Creatine Supports, Mild insufficient data on long-term use Potentially dangerous Potentially dangerous Potentially dangerous Legal DHEAIncreases endogenous No benefit in steroid production healthy athletes Decrease body mass Limited benefit Banned by IOC, some other organizations Banned by IOC Illegal Diuretics Ephedrine, other sympathomimetics Stimulate CNS, No benefit increase energy, delay fatigue, stimulate weight loss Increases energy, Supports stimulates weight loss Increases aerobic capacity Supports (2004) Ephedrine plus caffeine Erythropoietin Potentially Banned by IOC, dangerous, fatal some other at high doses organizations Significant, dangerous Illegal  © Biscontini findLawrence. om  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,† Fat supplements Fluids Folic acid GHB Increase endurance Increase endurance Increases aerobic capacity Refutes Supports Refutes Mild Mild None Significan t, dose-related; abuse potential Legal Legal Legal Illegal Stimulates growth Limited, refutes hormone release and muscle growth Ginseng Increases endurance, Limited, refutes, no Mild, abuse enhances muscle benefit syndrome recovery reported Serves as NSAID Limited, may have alternative, enhances limited NSAID recovery abilities NoneLegal Glucosamine Legal Glutamine Boosts immunity and May boost None growth hormone immunity, no other levels benefits Improves hydration and endurance Same as caffeine Decreases muscle Limited, some breakdown, enhances strength benefits recovery Anabolic effect on muscle growth, increases fat metabolism Refutes, limited ergogenic benefits None Limited, supports Mild Legal Glycerol Guarana (herbal caffeine) HMB Legal (oral) Legal Human growth hormone Significant, dangerous Illegal InosineEnhances energy Refutes, no benefit Mild production, improves aerobic capacity Increases aerobic capacity No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Mild, toxic at high dos es None Legal Iron Legal Leucine Decreases muscle Limited, no breakdown and spare ergogenic effect muscle glycogen stores Same as ephedrine Enhances muscle growth Decreases anxiety Increases energy, endurance and aerobic capacity, enhances recovery Increase endurance by suppressing pain, decrease anxiety No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Refutes, negative effect No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Mixed, negativeLegal Ma huang (herbal ephedrine) Magnesium Mild at high doses Significant, dangerous None at RDA, some toxicities at high doses Significant, dangerous Legal Marijuana Multivitamins Illegal Legal Narcotics Illegal  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,† Niacin Increases energy and No benefit unless a Mild at high endurance preexisting doses deficiency Increases aerobic capacity, enhances recovery Increase ATP production, energy and muscle endurance No benefit if given Mild before or after activity M ixed, negative Mild at high doses Legal OxygenLegal Phosphates Legal Phytosterols Stimulates release of Refutes, no benefit Little data, Legal endogenous steroids allergic reaction and growth hormone possible Optimizes muscular growth and repair Supports, increased None unless need for protein underlying with activity medical condition Supports, dietary None sources offer same benefit Limited research, benefit only in specific cases None Legal Protein Pycnogenol Boosts antioxidant levels, enhances recovery Increases lean body mass Legal Pyruvate Legal D-Ribose Selenium Increases cellular ATP No human and muscle power research None knownLegal Legal Enhances antioxidant Limited, no benefit Mild at high functions doses Supports Sodium bicarbonate Buffers lactic acid production, delays fatigue Strychnine Tribulus terrestris Unknown Mild, dangerous Legal at high doses Significant, dangerous Potentially dangerous at high doses Legal Legal No research on ergogenic benefits Increases endoge nous Refutes steroid production Decreases pain Mixed, no benefit perception, increases in trained athletes endurance Increases glycogen synthesis, enhances muscle recovery Tryptophan Mild, potentially Legal dangerous Legal Vanadyl sulfateRefutes, no benefit Mild in healthy individuals None Vitamin B 1 (thiamin) Enhances energy No benefit unless production, increases preexisting aerobic capacity, deficiency improves concentration Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) Increases aerobic endurance Enhances muscle growth, decreases anxiety No benefit unless preexisting deficiency No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Legal None Legal Mild at high doses Legal  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,† Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin) Vitamin B 15 (dimethylglycine) Vitamin CEnhances muscle growth Increases muscle energy production Acts as antioxidant, increases aerobic capacity and energy production Acts as antioxida nt, improves aerobic capacity No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Mixed, negative None Legal None proven, but concerns raised Mild at high doses Legal No benefit unless preexisting deficiency Mixed, some positive Legal Vitamin E Mild Legal Yohimbine Zinc Increases endogenous Refutes, no benefit Mild steroid production Enhances muscle growth, increases aerobic capacity Limited, negative Mild Legal LegalIOC = International Olympic Committee; NCAA = National Collegiate Athletic Association; CNS = central nervous system; DHEA = dehydroepiandrosterone; GHB = gamma-hydroxybutyrate; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; HMB = calcium beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate; RDA = recommended daily allowance; ATP = adenosine triphosphate.  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,† If your lifestyle doesn’t control your meal plan, your diet will control your meal plan.. All References taken from American Dietetic Assoc iation Body Mass Index = weight (lbs. __( _____) height inches x height inches (____)2=_____ 20-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 40 + BMI very low risk low risk moderate risk high risk very high risk Nutr itional Ana lysis S heet x 705 = _______BMI Activity Range . 30-. 40- sedentary . 50-. 60-moderately active . 70-. 80-vigorously active . 90-athlete/instructor 1 Base Metabolic Rate = _______ (10 women, 11 men) Activity Calories = x ________ (body weight) = _______calories /day (maintenance basal metabolic rate/ MBMR) [. 30-1. 0] _______ range of activity] x _________ = _________calories (MBMR) (Activity Calories/AC)Daily Energy Expenditure = ________ + _________ = ___________calories (DEE) (MBMR) (AC) (DEE)  © Biscontini findLawrence. com  ©2007, Biscontini: †Alive Well: Millennium Nutrition,† Body weight = ________ Activity Level = CHO (carbohydrate s) DEE =________ Specific individualized calculations ?Low-Moderate ? Active/Athlete 55-60% 60-75% ( )g CHO ( )g CHO - 3g/lb 3-4. 5 g/lb. __x___ lbs = _______ __x___lbs = _______ 10-15% ( )g PRO -. 4g/lb ( )g PRO 25-30%

Learn 10 Geographic Facts About Cape Town

Learn 10 Geographic Facts About Cape Town Cape Town is a large city located in South Africa. It is the second largest city in that country based on population and is the largest in land area (at 948 square miles or 2,455 square kilometers). As of 2007, the Cape Towns population was 3,497,097. It is also the legislative capital of South Africa and is the provincial capital for its region. As the legislative capital of South Africa, many of the citys functions are related to government operations.Cape Town is well known as one of Africas most popular tourist destinations and it is famous for its harbor, biodiversity and various landmarks. The city is located within the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa and as a result, ecotourism is popular in the city as well. In June 2010, Cape Town was also one of several South African cities to host World Cup games.The following is a list of ten geographic facts to know about Cape Town:1) Cape Town was originally developed by the Dutch East India Company as a supply station for its shi ps. The first permanent settlement at Cape Town was established by 1652 by Jan van Riebeeck and the Dutch controlled the area until 1795 when the English took control of the area. In 1803, the Dutch regained control of Cape Town via treaty.2) In 1867, diamonds were discovered and immigration to South Africa greatly increased. This caused the Second Boer War of 1889-1902 when conflicts between the Dutch Boer republics and the British arose. Britain won the war and in 1910 it established the Union of South Africa. Cape Town then became the legislative capital of the union and later of the country of South Africa.3) During the anti-apartheid movement, Cape Town was home to many of its leaders. Robben Island, located 6.2 miles (10 kilometers) from the city, was where many of these leaders were imprisoned. Following his release from prison, Nelson Mandela gave a speech at the Cape Town City Hall on February 11, 1990.4) Today, Cape Town is divided into its main City Bowl- an area surrounded b y Signal Hill, Lions Head, Table Mountain and Devils Peak- as well as its northern and southern suburbs and the Atlantic Seaboard and the South Peninsula. The City Bowl includes Cape Towns main business district and its world famous harbor. In addition, Cape Town has a region called Cape Flats. This area is a flat, low-lying area to the southeast of the city center.5) As of 2007, Cape Town had population of 3,497,097 and a population density of 3,689.9 persons per square mile (1,424.6 persons per square kilometer). The ethnic breakdown of the citys population is 48% Colored (the South African term for ethnically mixed race peoples with ancestry in Sub-Saharan Africa), 31% Black African, 19% white and 1.43% Asian.6) Cape Town is considered the main economic center of the Western Cape Province. As such, it is the regional manufacturing center for the Western Cape and it is the main harbor and airport in the area. The city also recently experienced growth due to the 2010 World Cup. Cape Town hosted nine of the games which spurred construction, rehabilitation of run-down parts of the city and a population boom.7) The city center of Cape T own is located on the Cape Peninsula. The famous Table Mountain forms the backdrop of the city and rises to an elevation of 3,300 feet (1,000 meters). The rest of the city is situated on the Cape Peninsula between the various peaks jutting into the Atlantic Ocean.8) Most of Cape Towns suburbs are within the Cape Flats neighborhood- a large flat plain that joins the Cape Peninsula with the main land. The geology of the region consists of a rising marine plain.9) The climate of Cape Town is considered Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and dry, hot summers. The average July low temperature is 45Â °F (7Â °C) while the average January high is 79Â °F (26Â °C).10) Cape Town is one of Africas most popular international tourist destinations. This is because it has a favorable climate, beaches, a well developed infrastructure and a beautiful natural setting. Cape Town is also located within the Cape Floristic Region which means it has high plant biodiversity and animals such as humpback whales, Orca whales and African peng uins live in the area. ReferencesWikipedia. (20 June, 2010). Cape Town - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town

Animal Abuse Facts and Information

Animal Abuse Facts and Information Within the animal protection movement, the term animal abuse is used to describe any use or treatment of animals that seems unnecessarily cruel, regardless of whether the act is against the law. The term animal cruelty is sometimes used interchangeably with animal abuse, but animal cruelty is also a legal term that describes acts of animal abuse that are against the law. The state laws that protect animals from abuse are referred to as animal cruelty statutes. Abuse Standards for Farm Animals The term animal abuse can also describe violent or neglectful actions against pets or wildlife. In cases of wildlife or pets, these animals are more likely to be protected or are better protected than farmed animals under the law. If cats, dogs or wild animals were treated the same as cows, pigs, and chickens in factory farms, the people involved would likely be convicted of animal cruelty. Animal advocates consider factory farming practices like debeaking, the use of veal crates or tail docking to be animal abuse, but these practices are legal almost everywhere. While many people would call these practices cruel, they do not constitute animal cruelty under the law in most jurisdictions but fit the term animal abuse in many peoples minds. Animal rights activists oppose not only animal abuse and animal cruelty, but any use of animals. For animal rights activists, the issue is not about abuse or cruelty; its about domination and oppression, no matter how well the animals are treated, no matter how big the cages are, and no matter how much anesthesia they are given before painful procedures. Laws Against Animal Cruelty The legal definition of animal cruelty  varies from state to state, as do the penalties and punishments. Most states have exemptions for wildlife, animals in laboratories, and common agricultural practices, such as debeaking or castration. Some states exempt rodeos, zoos, circuses and pest control. Others may have separate laws banning practices like cockfighting, dogfighting, or horse slaughter. If someone is found guilty of animal cruelty, most states provide for the seizure of the animals and reimbursement for expenses for the animals care. Some allow counseling or community service as part of the sentencing, and about half have felony penalties. Federal Tracking of Animal Cruelty Although there are no federal statutes against animal abuse or animal cruelty, the FBI tracks and collects information about acts of animal cruelty from participating law enforcement agencies across the country. These can include neglect, torture, organized abuse and even sexual abuse of animals. The FBI used to include acts of animal cruelty into an all other offenses category, which did not give much insight into the nature and frequency of such acts.   The FBIs motivation for tracking acts of animal cruelty stems from the belief that many who practice such behavior may also be abusing children or other people. Many high-profile serial killers began their violent acts by harming or killing animals, according to law enforcement.

Marketing Plan Phase III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Plan Phase III - Essay Example where executives are always in a hurry catching up with their appointments and needs to have an access to technology which will keep them in track with recent economic and business developments. Thus, Boeing 007 Heli-jet will differentiate itself along these lines by being creating aircrafts and coming up with innovative features which respond to these needs. As stated above, the main factor which will differentiate Boeing 007 Heli-jet with other aircrafts is its concern on the importance of time in the current business environment. Noting that Boeing 007 Heli-jet is aimed at the corporate executives, it will emphasize its consideration of their lifestyle which requires them to attend meetings. Globalization further demands attending meetings abroad to meet with a wider spectrum of local executives. As time is very important to the market, they need airplanes which are capable of flying at faster speed in order to maximize this resource. As shorter time is spent on travelling far distances, the Boeing 007 Heli-jet enables executives to focus on and spend more time in their meetings as well as discussion of business matters. Thus, it also has the capacity to shorten the period that business executives stay in a certain country for these affairs. This will mean savings for the company in terms of accommodation and maximization of time. In the end, the newest product of Boeing Commercial Airplanes will be positioned as the aircraft which maximizes the use of time by being the fastest aircraft in the face of Earth. Boeing 007 Heli-jet will differentiate itself among other aircrafts not only by becoming the fastest plane in the world but also by maximizing time by offering features which will enable business executives to be in-touch with the business world through work station cabins which will be equipped by phone equipments and internet connection. The aircraft will offer comfort and convenience through design and furnishing of an executive office. In order to

Practice of Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Practice of Research - Assignment Example Being one of the most challenging activities in the research process, reviewing of the available literature is an important principle. It enables the researcher come up with a researchable problem. In their book titled â€Å"Practical Research: Planning and Design,† the authors Leedy and Ormrod (2010) put forth the statement that, â€Å"the existing literature is likely to tell you what is not known in the area- in other words, what still needs to be done.† Reviewing the available literature will expose the researcher to several areas of concern with the likelihood and expectation that he or she will generate sub-problems from the material before going to the major problems. Identifying a problem related to the researchers themselves is important since it will naturally motivate them into researching more (Leedy & Ormrod, 2010). After identifying this kind of problem, the researcher should then focus on the purpose of the research at hand with the ability of developing substantial

Computer Data Storage Essay Example for Free

Computer Data Storage Essay Computers have brought about a revolution across all industries. They have changed the face of society. They are no longer specialized tools to be used by specially trained people. They are ubiquitous and used in almost every sphere of life. Computers have changed the way we work, be it any profession. Therefore, it is only natural that the role of computers in education has been given a lot of importance in recent years. Computers play a vital role in every field. They aid industrial processes, they find application in medicine; they are the reason why software industries developed and flourished and they play an important role in education. This is also why the education system has made computer education a part of school curriculum. Lets look at what role computer technology plays in the education sector. The advantages of computers in education primarily include: * Storage of information * Quick data processing * Audio-visual aids in teaching * Better presentation of information * Access to the Internet * Quick communication between students, teachers and parents * There are tools like spelling and grammar checker, thesaurus and dictionary, installed in the computer. Thus, it takes less time to proofread a written document * Also, there is no need to open up a dictionary book to look for meanings of words. * Typing is much faster than writing on a paper. * If there is a need for reorganizing the sentences or paragraphs, one can cut and paste and make the necessary changes. * In schools, computer education has been made compulsory to spread awareness about computers. As a matter of fact, computers have become a learning tool for children. Computers are a brilliant aid in teaching. Online education has revolutionized the education industry. Computer technology has made the dream of distance learning, a reality. Education is no longer limited to classrooms. It has reached far and wide, thanks to computers. Physically distant locations have come closer due to Internet accessibility. So, even if students and teachers are not in the same premises, they can very well communicate with one another. There are many online educational courses, whereby students are not required to attend classes or be physically present for lectures. They can learn from the comfort of their homes and adjust timings as per their convenience. Computers have given impetus to distance education. Computers facilitate effective presentation of information. Presentation software like PowerPoint and animation software like Flash among others can be of great help to teachers while delivering lectures. Computers facilitate audio-visual representation of information, thus making the process of learning interactive and interesting. Computer-aided teaching adds a fun element to education. Teachers hardly use chalk and board today. They bring presentations on a flash drive, plug it in to a computer in the classroom, and the teaching begins. Theres color, theres sound, theres movement the same old information comes forth in a different way and learning becomes fun. The otherwise not-so-interesting lessons become interesting due to audio-visual effects. Due to the visual aid, difficult subjects can be explained in better ways. Things become easier to follow, thanks to the use of computers in education. Computers enable access to the Internet which has information on literally everything. Computers enable storage of data in the electronic format, thereby saving paper. Memory capacities of computer storage devices are in gigabytes. This enables them to store huge chunks of data. Moreover, these deveices are compact. They occupy very less space, yet store large amounts of data. Both teachers and students benefit from the use of computer technology. Presentations, notes and test papers can be stored and transferred easily over computer storage devices. Similarly, students can submit homework and assignments as soft copies. The process becomes paperless, thus saving paper. Plus, the electronic format makes data storage more durable. Electronically erasable memory devices can be used repeatedly. They offer robust storage of data and reliable data retrieval. Computer hard drives and storage devices are an excellent way to store data. This was about the role of computers in education. But we know, its not just the education sector which computers have impacted. They are of great use in every field. Today, a life without computers is unimaginable. This undelines the importance of computer education. Knowledge of computers can propel ones career in the right direction. Computers are a part of almost every industry today. They are no longer limited any specific field. They are used in networking, for information access and data storage and also in the processing and presentation of information. Computers should be introduced early in education. I dont think I am making an overstatement in saying that computer education is as fundamental as learning English. Yes, it is. Conclusion: Computers have come a long way since the first unit was invented. With the advancements of hardware as well as software, we can now accomplish many, tasks such as typing papers, watching TV, editing videos, learning online and gaming. The world of computing has made our lives a lot more convenient. Without the invention and deployment of computers, there would be no social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter.

HARLEY DAVIDSON Essay -- essays research papers

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harley-Davidson is the largest market share holder of motorcycles over 750cc in the United States. After the expansion of our production and distribution capacity, we will be in the position to meet the increasing demand for our motorcycles and other products.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Growth potential appears very good especially in the overseas market. Gaining a larger market share in these area may require a further increase in production and distribution capacities. We must plan for expansion now and continue to grow as a company. COMPANY DESCRIPTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Milwaukee, William Harley, 21, and Arthur Davidson, 20, began experiments on taking the work out of bicycling. They were soon joined by Arthur’s brothers, Walter and William. Many changes were made to the engine design before its builders were satisfied. After the new looped from was finalized, they were ready to begin production. In 1903 they produced three motorcycles. Harley-Davidson erected its first building the current Juneau avenue site in 1906 and incorporated in 1907. In 1907 Harley-Davidson produced 150 motorcycles. SITUATION ANALYSIS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The motorcycle market over 750cc has been increasing over the last five years. The Harley-Davidson 1996 model year production line, sold though a world wide network of more than 1,000 dealers, includes 20 cruiser, factory custom and touring motorcycles, as well as police motorcycles. Harley-Davidson benefits form having one of the world’s most recognized and respected brand names and our motorcycle model names are among the best known in the industry: The Competition and Market share   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This chart shows the competition and market share for 1995 in the United States: Current Market Situation Overall   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Net sales for 1995 of $1.4 billion were $191.6 million, or 16.5%, higher than net sales for 1994. Net income and earnings per share from continuing operations were $111.1 million and $1.48, for 1995 as compared with $96.2 million and $1.26, for 1994. Net income and earnings per share from discontinued operations were $1.4 million and $.02, for 1995 as compared with $8.0 million and $.11, for 1994, which included a $4.6 million, or $.06 per-share, one-time tax benefit related to the legal reorganizat... ...Harley-Davidson dealerships), bringing the year-end total to approximately 150. In 1996, the Buell team will complete its study of the European sport/performance market, which is four times larger than its U.S. counterpart, to prepare for a possible future launch there. Promotion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The majority of our advertising comes from bike rallies and special events that are held that are held across the United States. Our Rallies draw between 5,000 and 200,000 people. The majority of the attendants are Harley owners. Harley Davidson as an organization does very little mainstream advertising. BUDGETS CONTROL AND ACCOUNTABILITY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Standards should be specified in terms of sales, and production. Costs should be identified and target cost levels specified to facilitate their control. Standards should be established in terms of consumer’s attitudes. Attitude standards, in terms of perceptions, and desires should be specified. Controls should be implemented and monitored by appropriate administrators. The president, vice-president, administrators, and other individuals should be responsible for controlling the marketing mix implemented.

Country Risk Analysis †Peru Essay

SWOT analysis Strengths: Peru is a country blessed with natural resources. In 2010 its exports reached some 23 billion GBP, which was mainly made out of minerals, petroleum and agricultural products. Its mining industry is the largest in Latin America, accounting for 7,7 billion GBP of its total exports in 2010. The climate is also favourable for agriculture, representing 13% of GDP, and employing 30% of the population. In addition, sites like Machu Picchu, Cuscu and Sacsayhuaman make Peru a popular tourist destination for millions of people every year. Weaknesses: Although an advantage when the business climate is favourable, Peru’s heavy dependence upon natural resources and agriculture can prove to be an Achilles heel. Volatile commodity prices and low productivity and fragmented land ownership in agriculture makes the economy susceptible to economic fluctuations. What’s more the country lacks vital infrastructure such as high quality roadways, bridges and flight routes. And as with so many other Latin American countries, high unemployment* threatens the economic and political stability, which in turn affects investor confidence. *Despite a fairly low unemployment rate of 7,9%, the underemployment rate is above 40%, which causes similar effects. Opportunities: In the period between 2000 and 2005 the number of visiting tourists to Peru doubled, and the figure has grown by approximately 11% annually, a trend that is expected to continue. Enforcing the rise in tourism is the announcement that there will be eight long weekends in Peru in 2012, generating some 500 million GBP in extra tourism revenue this year. In 2005, the US and Peru signed a free trade agreement enabling a non-barrier trading relationship between the two countries, which is a huge opportunity as the U.S accounts for 16.3% of Peru’s exports, and 19.5% of its imports annually. Threats: Almost 50% of Peru’s population is poor. This is mainly caused by the extraction industry, where people are oppressed in mining villages and remote communities. Income distribution is extremely skewed, as the richest 10% controls 35.4% of the wealth, and the poorest 10% only control 1.6%. PESTLE analysis Political: Peru is a quite democratic country, after the election of Fernando Belaà ºnde in 1980. However the political environment has been troublesome at best, with several attempts on overthrowing the government, last in October 2000. Alan Garcia, the same man who ran the country into the ditch with four-figure inflation rates in the 1990s, has in his second reign as president (2006-2011) witnessed an amazing economic recovery and growth. Corruption has long been a big problem in Peru, but counteraction was taken in February of 2010 when a dedicated commission was created to deal with the problem, which is especially brought on by the drug cartels. Peru also has a stable relationship with most of its neighbour countries, although their ongoing border conflict with Chile keeps that relationship tense. Economical: The economic environment in Peru has gone from hyperinflation (1991) to deflation (2002) to what appears to be stable growth since 2006. Being an exporting nation they where hit hard by the financial crisis, but kept the growth figure above 0, unlike many other Latin American countries. It regained GDP growth of 8.8% in 2010. In 2011 the credit rating agency Standard & Poor raised Peru’s credit rating from BBB- to BBB. In general, Peru has one of the most prosperous economies in Latin America, having tripled in size in the past 11 years. In addition of being a member of the WTO, they also have a non-tariff trade agreement with the US, which has proven most advantageous as the US represents some 30% of both imports and exports. It is worth mentioning that Peru’s economic growth is very much aided by growth in private investment of 13% annually. This is acknowledged by the government, and has led to minor barriers to entry for foreign firms. Social: Since the early 21th century the conditions for Peruvians has improved in many measures. Life expectancy has increased by 4 years to 73 since 2004, and the literacy rate is stable at 90%. However, there is a big split between the rural areas and big cities such as Lima, with 8.5 million people. While people in the cities are lifted out of poverty due to the economic growth, the people living in the rural areas are subject to underemployment and bad infrastructure. The main language used is Spanish. Although some speak Quechua or Aymara, these are mainly spoken by people living in the Andes Mountains. Technological: Peru is known for its substantial bureaucracy and inefficiency, much of which is due to its low amount of technology available. However, more and more people now possess a mobile phone, and Internet usage is increasing steadily. This said these number should be growing as only 10% owns a personal computer, and there are only 3,7 internet subscriptions per 100 people. (http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/per_ict.pdf) Legal: Although the legal system in Peru appears to lack both independence and efficiency, it has been severely altered to attract foreign investors and aid business. Through removing the requirement for small enterprises to deposit start-up capital in a bank before registration they have made it easier to start a business, and investors are protected through a new law that allows minority shareholders to request access to non-confidential corporate documents. The tax-system has been made electronic, which not only makes it work more efficient, it also makes taxing a lot easier for both parts. It is also legislated that eight-hour days and 48-hour weeks are the maximum working hours, with a minimum wage of $128 a month. Environmental: In August 2010 Peru obtained the Third Programmatic Environmental Development Policy Loan. This money is dedicated to â€Å"strengthen environmental governance, including regulation & enforcement, and mainstreaming of environmental sustainability in the mining, fisheries, urban transport and energy sectors.† The funds will also be used to improve parts of the health sector, especially for those exposed to health risks from environmental degradation. This illustrates Peru’s awareness and concern about the environmental issues and their ability to handle them in a way that draws the World Bank’s attention.

Identifying and Refining Research Topics in Practice Area Essay

Part I: Research Questions Nursing is a dynamic career. Through nursing research, doors to improved, quality healthcare are paved open from time to time. In practice-based studies, human subjects are inevitable; thus, a researcher must be sensitive, aware and compliant to the regulations set by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (Wolf, Walden, and Lo, 2005; NIH, n. d.; American Nurses Association, n. d.). In this regard, the author of this study was inspired to formulate the following practice-based research questions: Quantitative. Quantitative approach explains using objective facts, eliminating bias and error (Firestone, 1987). Research, especially quantitative method, should avoid false findings (Ioannidis, 2005). 1. What is the relationship between the transport of newborns via a transporter vs. other mode of transport after birth and thermoregulation? 2. What is the relationship between history of general depression and postpartum depression in postpartum mothers? 3. What is the relationship between mandatory nurse-patient ratio and job stress or burnout? Qualitative. Firestone (1987) stated that qualitative approach is best for phenomenological studies where â€Å"multiple realities that are socially defined† and readers are given â€Å"enough detail to â€Å"make sense† of the situation.† 1. Why do children born to teenaged mothers become teenage parents themselves? 2. What are birthing plans that are essential to a successful labor and delivery experience? To determine if these are viable topics for further research, the help of the nurse clinician, the senior staff nurse, a staff nurse, and clinical manager was consulted. On the relationship between the transport of newborns via a transporter vs. other mode of transport after birth and thermoregulation, it has been noted that infants that are transported from Labor and Delivery to the Well Baby Nursery via a bassinette or in mother’s arms experience hypothermia while those that are transported via a transporter maintain normal temperature. From the consultation with the other healthcare providers, there was a research study on infant remaining with the mothers after birth but not on the mode of transport, which influenced the practice by allowing infants to remain with mother after both vaginal and cesarean deliveries until their transfer to postpartum. According to the nurse clinician, this is a good topic as they noted that the infant’s of vaginal delivery are transported in the mother’s arms or in an open bassinette and they usually have low temps while the infants of cesarean deliveries are transported in a transporter and they usually have normal temperatures; thus, there may be correlation between the two. For the relationship between history of general depression and postpartum depression in postpartum mothers, it was noted that mothers with a history of general depression are usually anxious and weepy and have difficulty coping. However, studies for evidence are not sure. The only data that may be readily available for this topic are those referrals of any mother with a history of depression to Social Services for postpartum depression education and resources. On the relationship between mandatory nurse patient ratio and job stress or burnout, the healthcare givers observed and agreed that its implementation is much better and beneficial because the nurses make less mistakes and patient care is better. However, supporting studies are a little bit hard to find. On the other hand, it is noted that significant numbers of teenage mothers are 15 to 18 years younger than their own mothers and considerably, these young mothers will have their second child within one to two years of the first, which means having multiple children within their teenage years. From the consultation, the study is an interesting one but lacks available supporting data. Meanwhile, the study on birthing plans was commended by the healthcare givers during the consultation as it has been noted that the outcome of the facility is usually the opposite effect: Majority of patients with birthing plans experience emergency delivery situations regarding themselves and/or their newborns resulting in cesarean sections for themselves and/or admittance to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for the newborn. But again, the problem with this topic is on the availability of references that will be used. From the conferred ideas, the author then was enlightened and selected the quantitative study on the relationship between mandatory nurse-patient ratio and job stress or burnout. The author will not have difficulties on supporting information on the topic as lots of research works had been conducted on the matter from all over the world. Job stress or burnout has always been a problem of nurses from time immemorial until now and from the different parts of the world. Part II: Research Study The relationship between mandatory nurse-patient ratio and job stress or burnout Research Problem Nursing is a career that requires lots of activities. With what their jobs require, nurses cannot avoid adverse outcomes related to their nursing care activities and daily patient load which are noted to be increased, shift rotation, and staffing that is short such as skipping their tea or coffee breaks, â€Å"feeling responsible for more patients than they could safely care for, inadequate help available, inadequate time to document care, verbal abuse by a patient or a visitor, and concern about quality of care† (Al-Kandari and Thomas, 2008). A great problem nowadays in nursing is on staffing. Mantese, Pfeiffer, and Mantese (2005-2006) stated that â€Å"in this age of trying to maximize limited personnel to undertake expanding workloads, there is a risk of a detrimental increase of mistakes, misjudgments, and harm.† Flynn and McKeown (2009) support this with their research that focused on â€Å"the impact on patients and nurses of ‘poor’ nurse staffing levels†. From these, burnout or job stress has been found out to be on of the major nursing practice problems (Mrayyan, 2007). In relation to this, the author was inspired and interested to find out more on the relationship between mandatory nurse-patient ratio and job stress or burnout. Statement of Purpose   The purpose of the study is establish a practice-based study which can be utilized by nurses and other concerned people as baseline data for the improvement of their practice or for further understanding of the nursing practice. Job stress or burnout in nurses should be addressed immediately as they are dealing with the lives of their patients. The findings of this study look forward to help uplift nursing management.

The Role Of Women In Tartuffe English Literature Essay Essays

The Role Of Women In Tartuffe English Literature Essay Essays The Role Of Women In Tartuffe English Literature Essay Paper The Role Of Women In Tartuffe English Literature Essay Paper Essay Topic: 12 Angry Men Tartuffe written in 1664 by Jean-Baptise Poquelin Moliere both challenges and supports traditional gender stereotypes for adult females. During this clip period adult females were looked at much otherwise than they are today. Womans were supposed to be subservient to the work forces in their lives. The adult females I chose to speak about are Dorine and Mariane. These two adult females displayed opposite features doing the traditional function of adult females conflicting throughout the narrative. Dorine is the first adult females I will speak about in this paper. She had many features throughout this drama that I found to be really amusing but at the same clip baronial. I believe that Dorine s character challenges the tradition functions for adult females. Dorine is considered to be Mariane s retainer or lady in waiting. Dorine s character in this drama is really honorable and blunt. She did non keep back what she was believing. She had no job stating Mariane, Orgon and Tartuffe how she felt. This was really unusual behaviour for adult females in this clip, particularly for a lady in waiting. The first brush I am traveling to speak about is that between Dorine and Orgon. Orgon is seeking to hold a private conversation with his girl and Dorine walks in an interrupts. In Act II, Scene II we see Dorine talk her head about Mariane get marrieding Tartuffe. Get downing about line 13 we see a Dorine interrupt Mariane and speak on her behalf: ORGON. Daughter, I mean it ; you re to be his married woman. DORINE. No, do nt believe your male parent ; it s all a fraud ( 2.2. 12-14 ) Back in these times no adult females would talk back to a adult male like that, allow entirely person they worked for. This demonstrates her bold character. Dorine and Orgon s controversy goes back and Forth for the remainder of the scene. Around line 86 we Dorine keeps disrupting Orgon and he is acquiring really angry: ORGON. Do nt disrupt me farther. Why ca nt you larn That certain things are none of your concern? DORINE. It s for your ain interest that I interfere ( 2.2.86-88 ) For every remark, statement or inquiry that Orgon threw out during this scene Dorine has a witty response really rapidly. The following brush is between Dorine and Mariane. Even though this is non a male/female brush it still shows Dorine s bluntness. Dorine is supposed to be Mariane s amah, but yet she is really honorable with her. In the following scene we see Dorine outraged at the fact that Mariane did non lodge up for herself: DORINE. Well, have you lost your lingua, miss? Must I play Your portion, and say the lines you ought to state? Faced with a destiny so horrid and absurd, Can you non express one dissenting word? MARIANE. What good would it make? A male parent s power is great. ( 2.3.1-5 ) These two lines truly show the contrast between the two misss. Mariane is clearly showing the subservient miss that does what she is told. Knowing that you are non allowed to oppugn what is being said. Then you have Dorine that disagrees wholly. She wants Marianne to be more unfastened and to lodge up for herself. Very opposing female functions played between these two characters. The last brush I am traveling to speak about is between Dorine and Tartuffe in Act V, Scene VII. This is the mildest effusions we see from Dorine, but yet she is still there seting her two cents in. We see Dorine say: How he exploits the name of Heaven! It s shameless. ( 5.7.5 ) She has no fright to talk what is on her head. Again we see her bell in and state: All that we most revere, he uses to dissemble his secret plans and camouflage his artifices. ( 5.7.25 ) It seems that whenever there is an statement traveling on Dorine is as if by magic there seting in her remarks. She depicts the complete antonym of how adult females in the clip were expected to move. I think it added a great trade of comedy to the drama. Mariane is the other adult female I will speak about in this paper. She is the female character that represents the traditional gender stereotypes during this clip period. Mariane is Orgon s girl and is really willing to make whatever her male parent asks of her. The readers get the image and feeling that Mariane is a quiet character throughout his play.A We see her described by Madame Pernelle in Act I, Scene I when she says: And you, his sister, seem so pure, So shy, so guiltless, and so coy ( 1.1.22-23 ) . Throughout the remainder of the drama many actions prove that she is diffident and innocent.A A A A A The first of those actions is Mariane is non able to lodge up for herself as the other characters do. For illustration in Act II, Scene II Orgon is forcing Mariane to accept the matrimony to Tartuffe.A Even though Mariane is in love with Valere and wants to get married him she does non lodge up for herself and protest. Alternatively, it is her maid Dorine that is seeking to convert Orgon to alter his mind.A It becomes clear in the undermentioned scenes that she does non desire to travel against her father.A Traveling on to Act II, Scene III we see Mariane talk about non desiring to travel against her male parent, A male parent s power is great ( 2.3.5 ) . A adult female s function during this clip was to be subservient to their male parents and so to their hubbies. Mariane is really afraid to travel against her male parent because she has ever obeyed him. We see Dorine attempt to convert Mariane to lodge up for herself in Act II, Scene III: DORINE. Tell him one can non love at a male parent s caprice ; That you shall get married for yourself, non him ; That since it s you who are to be the bride, It s you, non he, who must be satisfiedaˆÂ ¦ MARIANE. I ve bowed so long to Father s rigorous control, I could nt oppose him now, to salvage my psyche ( 2.3.7-14 ) Mariane did non desire to travel against her male parent. She wanted to hear the advice of Dorine but yet did non desire to follow it. Mariane seems to move really dramatic and helpless. Mariane demonstrates the quality of being really fleeceable. In Act II, Scene IV Mariane is speaking with Valere. She asks him for his advice and he explains that he thinks it s a good thought for her to get married Tartuffe, and she believes him. As you can see there are two really opposite adult females represented throughout this drama. Dorine is outspoken and vey direct, whereas Mariane is quiet and obedient. Mariane fits the traditional function of a adult female during this clip. She was faithful to her male parent and would make what he asked of her, this is what was expected of adult females. Dorine on the other manus challenged the traditional function of adult females during this clip. She was a amah and spoke what was on her head. It did non affair who it was, she was ever honest. This created a humourous tone to the drama, but for this clip she was really out of line.

Change Management in Semantic Web Services

Change Management in Semantic Web Services Change Management in Semantic Web Services in Legal Domain using FSM & XXM Introduction With the new paradigm of Service Oriented Computing, many enterprises attempt to utilize services as fundamental elements for developing applications/solutions as an additive layer on top of existing components. The Web Service Controller Architecture (WSCA) for service-based, enterprise-scaled business solutions provides exactly this flexibility. The design, exposure and management of services can be accomplished through a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) that supports the usage, composition and coordination of services in a loosely coupled manner. Web services appear to be particularly suitable for addressing these aspects of a SOA. Furthermore, composition languages such as BPEL add value by composing Web services and facilitating the implementation of business processes. As the SOA paradigm brings this big behavior change relying on loose coupling of services it raises new questions in the area of change management. Change management is a central aspect in any software design, but its complexity for Web services is increased by both composition languages and loose coupling. The resulting advantages like composability, autonomy, message-based communication, and the avoidance of combined compilation and binding prove to be deficiencies in this context. In this paper we discuss these elementary challenges of change management in the area of Web services (Web Service Change Management, WSCM). Currently there are no sound mechanisms and engineering principles for changing Web services and their related entities. Through analysis of a suitable scenario, specifically looking at the details of the Web service provider and consumer roles, one can identify the various problems that exist in this domain. Therefore we will start our approach with the consideration of an application scenario from the business domain of application and change management, the addition of Web servic es in private legal sector. An Overview of a WSCA A WSCA consists of several autonomous outsourced Web services, but acts as a virtually coherent entity. Business entities, in the form of Web services, are often geographically distributed and organizationally independent. While WSCA has a potential to introduce new business opportunities through dynamic alliances, the challenges of fully realizing a WSCA lie in managing changes during its lifecycle through Extreme X Machines (XXM). XXM: In this paper we explore the design changes as made to software projects by the use  of a formal model known as Extreme X-Machines (XXM) [5,6], which  are based on the work of Eilenberg and Holcombe [7,8]. An XXM model describes the functionality of the software without defining exactly how this functionality is achieved. This perspective allows an analysis of functional change whilst excluding specific implementation or requirements issues. XXM are a state based model, they are intended to be us ed by developers as a method to design  their systems from at the top level but here, XXM are used as effectively to analyze and incorporate changes in, even addition of new web services. Each model typically consists of a set of states which correspond to screens in the final system and functions which link the screens together. The functions are typically labeled with an enabling action such as â€Å"click_ok† which corresponds to a user clicking the OK button.

Accounting Treatments Required IAS for Financial Liabilities Term Paper

Accounting Treatments Required IAS for Financial Liabilities - Term Paper Example This is specifically the amortized cost or the fair value. Specific rules often apply to embed the hedging instruments and financial derivatives. IAS number 39 is applicable to monetary securities issued. Nonetheless, in case an issue of the contract of financial guarantee has earlier on stressed openly that it takes into consideration such agreements as a contract of insurance and has applied accounting that applies to insurance agreement; the issuer has an obligation to apply IAS 39 to such contracts of financial security. Accounting by the financial liability holder is not included from the dimension of IAS 39 as well as IFRS 4. Thus paragraphs 10-12 of IAS 8 â€Å"Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors† will apply. The commitments to financial liabilities fall outside the scope of IAS 39 in case their obligation cannot be fulfilled net a different financial instrument or in cash. In this case, they will not be classified financial liabilities at fair value via loss or profit hence the entity lacks the historical practice of selling the financial liability that came from the commitment after origination. An issuer of a financial liability or commitment to issue a financial liability at an interest rate below the market value is obliged to recognize the liability at its fair value. Successfully, the issuer of the financial liability will re-determine it at a much-increased value which is recognized under the IAS 39. Besides, the value originally realized will be less where relevant, cumulative payback is recognized in line with the IAS 18 (Penman, 2007; p. 35). According to IAS 32 on presentation of financial instruments which outlines the requirements for accounting for the presentation of the instruments, in particular, the grouping of such financial instruments into financial liabilities, equity and financial assets.